New developments in membrane-based processes for industrial applications

Abstract

The membrane separation technologies of microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO) possess characteristics that make them attractive as wastewater reuse processes. These include • Continuous process, resulting in automatic and uninterrupted operation • Low energy utilization involving neither phase nor temperature changes • Modular design-no significant size limitations • Minimal moving parts with low maintenance requirements • No effect on the form or chemistry of contaminants • Discreet membrane barrier to ensure the physical separation of contaminants • No chemical addition requirements In this chapter, the history of membrane technology is presented, the fundamentals of these technologies are introduced, engineering design requirements addressed, and testing details described.