Gingival crevicular fluid periodontal ligament-associated protein-1, sclerostin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in periodontitis

Abstract

Background: In periodontitis, the equilibrium between bone formation and resorption skews in favor of bone loss. Periodontal ligament-associated protein-1 (PLAP-1) and sclerostin play a significant role in the suppression of bone formation. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a central proinflammatory cytokine related to periodontal bone loss. This study aims to assess gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) PLAP-1, sclerostin, and TNF-α levels in individuals with periodontal disease. Methods: Seventy-one individuals diagnosed with generalized stage III grade C periodontitis (n = 23), gingivitis (n = 24), and periodontal health (n = 24) were included in the study. Full-mouth clinical periodontal measurements were performed. PLAP-1, sclerostin, and TNF-α total amounts in GCF were quantified by ELISA. Nonparametric methods were used for the data analyses. Results: Periodontitis group exhibited significantly higher GCF PLAP-1, sclerostin and TNF-α levels compared with gingivitis and periodontally healthy groups (p < 0.05). GCF PLAP-1 and TNF-α levels of gingivitis group were higher than healthy controls (p < 0.05) whereas GCF sclerostin levels were similar in two groups (p > 0.05). Significant positive correlations were found between GCF PLAP-1, sclerostin and TNF-α levels and all clinical parameters (p < 0.01). Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study showing GCF PLAP-1 levels in periodontal health and disease. Increased GCF PLAP-1 and sclerostin levels and their correlations with TNF-α in periodontitis imply that those molecules might be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Further studies in larger mixed cohorts are needed to enlighten the possible role of PLAP-1 and sclerostin in periodontal bone loss.