Plasma B-vitamin and one-carbon metabolites and risk of breast cancer before and after folic acid fortification in the United States

Abstract

Prior epidemiologic findings for plasma folate and B-vitamins and breast cancer risk are inconsistent and have not assessed the influence of folic acid fortification. Therefore, we examined the associations of plasma folate, B 12 , pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), homocysteine, cysteine and cysteinylglycine with breast cancer risk, before and after fortification. We conducted a nested case–control study within the prospective Nurses’ Health Study. In 1989–1990 (pre-fortification), 32,826 women donated a blood sample and 18,743 donated an additional blood sample in 2000–2001 (post-fortification). Between the first blood collection and 2006, 1874 incident breast cancer cases with at least one blood sample and 367 with two were 1:1 matched to controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusting for breast cancer risk factors. Overall, higher plasma folate, B 12 , PLP, homocysteine, cysteine and cysteinylglycine levels were not associated with breast cancer risk. Associations did not vary by in situ/invasive, hormone receptor status, or tumor molecular subtype. Additionally, associations were null before and after fortification. For example, the RR (95% CI) for the highest versus lowest tertile of 1990 (pre-fortification) plasma folate with 1990–2000 follow-up was 0.93 (0.75–1.16) and for the 2000 plasma folate (post-fortification) with 2000–2006 follow-up the RR (95% CI) was 1.17 (0.79–1.74). Plasma folate, B 12 , PLP, homocysteine, cysteine and cysteinylglycine were not significantly associated with breast cancer overall, before and after fortification, or with specific tumor molecular subtypes. However, long term associations (>8 years) after the implementation of fortification could not be examined.