The 15-Minute City in Portugal: Reality, Aspiration, or Utopia?

Abstract

Cities play a central role in territorial development, acting as engines of economic growth, innovation, and social well-being. However, contemporary urban challenges, such as socio-spatial segregation, environmental degradation, and mobility constraints, necessitate innovative planning approaches. The “15-minute city” model, conceptualised by Moreno, seeks to reorganise urban spaces to enhance proximity, sustainability, and quality of life by ensuring that essential services are accessible within a short walk or bike ride. This study examines the applicability of this model in Portugal, analysing its presence in national scientific research and its integration into recent Sustainable Urban Mobility Action Plans. Additionally, a spatial analysis using pedestrian-based isochrone mapping assesses accessibility to education and health services, identifying areas with potential for implementation. The results indicate a selective adoption of the model’s operational dimensions, with an emphasis on fare integration and soft mobility infrastructure. However, there is a noticeable deficiency in regulatory instruments designed to promote multifunctionality and social–spatial inclusion. The spatial pattern in northern Portugal reveals disparities in pedestrian accessibility. This study highlights the stronger need for context-sensitive urban strategies, emphasising that while the 15-minute city offers a promising framework, its success depends on local adaptations and governance models.