GM-CSF–Neuroantigen Fusion Proteins Reverse Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Mediate Tolerogenic Activity in Adjuvant-Primed Environments: Association with Inflammation-Dependent, Inhibitory Antigen Presentation

Abstract

Single-chain fusion proteins comprised of GM-CSF and neuroantigen (NAg) are potent, NAg-specific inhibitors of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). An important question was whether GMCSF-NAg tolerogenic vaccines retained inhibitory activity within inflammatory environments or were contingent upon steady-state conditions. GM-CSF fused to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein MOG35–55 peptide (GMCSF-MOG) reversed established paralytic disease in both passive and active models of EAE in C57BL/6 mice. The fusion protein also reversed EAE in CD4-deficient and B cell–deficient mice. Notably, GMCSF-MOG inhibited EAE when coinjected adjacent to the MOG35–55/CFA emulsion. GMCSF-MOG also retained dominant inhibitory activity when directly emulsified with MOG35–55 in the CFA emulsion in both C57BL/6 or B cell–deficient models of EAE. Likewise, when combined with proteolipid protein 139–151 in CFA, GM-CSF fused to proteolipid protein 139–151 peptide inhibited EAE in SJL mice. When deliberately emulsified in CFA with the NAg, GMCSF-NAg inhibited EAE even though NAg was present at >30-fold molar excess. In vitro studies revealed that the GM-CSF domain of GMCSF-MOG stimulated growth and differentiation of inflammatory dendritic cells (DC) and simultaneously targeted the MOG35–55 domain for enhanced presentation by these DC. These inflammatory DC presented MOG35–55 to MOG-specific T cells by an inhibitory mechanism that was mediated in part by IFN-γ signaling and NO production. In conclusion, GMCSF-NAg was tolerogenic in CFA-primed proinflammatory environments by a mechanism associated with targeted Ag presentation by inflammatory DC and an inhibitory IFN-γ/NO pathway. The inhibitory activity of GMCSF-NAg in CFA-primed lymphatics distinguishes GMCSF-NAg fusion proteins as a unique class of inflammation-dependent tolerogens that are mechanistically distinct from naked peptide or protein-based tolerogens.