The influence of menopause on multiple sclerosis

Abstract

Introduction: One third of the multiple sclerosis (MS) population consists of peri- or postmenopausal women. Many symptoms of menopause overlap those of MS. Some studies show increased speed of disability progression after menopause, while others indicate an unaltered trajectory. Objective: Determine the association between menopause and MS disease course. Methods: Cohort study with clinical data collected prospectively. Self-reported age of menopause, smoking and parity collected retrospectively. Results: We included 559 peri−/postmenopausal women and 386 similarly aged men. There was no significant difference in EDSS progression (slope coef 0.03, 0.02–0.08, p = 0.208) or annual relapse rate (ARR) (0.10, 0.29–0.10, p = 0.324) in the 5 years before and after menopause. Women's EDSS progressed slower than men's after menopause (coef −0.02, 95% CI −0.04 to −0.002, p = 0.032), but there was no difference in ARR [coef. −0.01, 95% CI −0.04 to −0.01, p = 0.262]. Women who reached menopause before MS onset had shorter time to diagnosis than women who reached menopause after onset (3.1 years (3.1) vs. 7.4 years (8.1), p < 0.001). Women who reached menopause before diagnosis had an even longer time to diagnosis (8.8 (9.3) vs. 5.5 (6.3), p < 0.001). Conclusions: There were no significant differences in EDSS progression or ARR before and after menopause. In fact, men progressed faster than women, suggesting there is no negative impact of menopause on disease progression, as measured by EDSS and relapses.