Persian Validation and Cultural Adaptation of the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire-Aesthetic Surgery for Iranian Rhinoplasty Patients

Abstract

BACKGROUND Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is one of the obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) which is very common in populations. However, the diagnosis rate is lower than the reality. BDD may lead to loneliness, jobless, avoidance of daily life and public activities. The Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire-Aesthetic Surgery (BDDQ-AS) is the validated questionnaire used to screen the BBD in patients seeking cosmetic surgeries. This study aimed to translate and validate a Persian version of the BDDQ-AS. METHODS This analytical-descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Firoozgar Hospital, Tehran, Iran to validate the BDDQ-AS in Iranian society in 2020. A standard forward and back-translation procedure was followed. Overall, 79 Persian-speaking patients of both sexes referred to rhinoplasty surgery department at Firoozgar hospital were recruited. The control group consisted of 70 patients who also completed the final questionnaire. The BDDQ-AS was translated into Farsi. The final version was tested for reliability and validity in both groups. RESULTS The internal consistency and split-half test were 89.2% and 92% respectively in rhinoplasty group. The spearman`s correlation coefficient between the scores obtained in BDD-YBOCS and BDDQ-AS was 0.757 (P<0.001) which confirmed the criterion validity and the minimum value of CVI was 0.79 that all items were relevant, transparent and simple. CONCLUSION The Persian version of the BDDQ-AS questionnaire consist of 6 short yes/no questions which is less time-consuming and reliable for interpreting and screening. The sensitivity and specificity of this version are 85.71% and 81% respectively, which are adequate for screening. Key Words: Body dysmorphic disorders, Rhinoplasty, BDDQ-AS, Screening tool, Iran Go to: INTRODUCTION Facial and body appearance is an important feature for human beings that majority of people concerned about looking pleasing. Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is one of the obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) which is very common in populations. However, the diagnosis rate is lower than the reality2. BDD is a well-defined psychiatric diagnosis which patients suffer from slight or perceived defect in physical appearance which is leading to significant impairment in important functioning area and affects their quality of life3. Any defects are exaggerated by the BDD patients and they feel embarrassment of their appearance. Some of the research suggested the higher prevalence rate of BDD in female and younger population which is seemingly related to the life experience and adaptation comes with age4. People who suffer from BDD spend many hours in front of the mirror to check their appearance commonly involve nose, eyes, skin, or hair. One of the most common cosmetic surgery among these patients is rhinoplasty. However, the consequence of the surgery is not satisfactory for them5. BDD may lead to loneliness, jobless, avoidance of daily life and public activities6. they usually suffer from important emotional distress such as anxiety and personality disorders7. The prevalence rate of BDD is 1%, 7% to 2.4% in general population. Comorbidities such as anxiety, depression, OCD, suicidal attempts are common among these patients8. Approximately 76% of patients with BBD consult for cosmetic procedures for their slight defects7. The diagnosis of BDD is challenging for surgeons and remains unknown to psychiatrics or psychologists. According to the poor satisfaction after surgery and aggression towards surgeons, it is important to identify patients with BDD in cosmetic procedures to select suitable treatment for them7. The common symptoms of BDD are negative emotional responses to the body parts1. The Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire-Aesthetic Surgery (BDDQ-AS) was the validated questionnaire used to screen the BBD in patients seeking for cosmetic surgeries9. The BDDQ-As is short questionnaire consist of seven items which sensitivity and specificity is 89.6% and 81.4% for rhinoplasty patients respectively3. This screening tool was developed in psychiatric setting but recently, was validated and used in facial plastic surgery setting10. The studies on BDD and the awareness of surgeons about this disorder have been growing recently. The results of another Iranian study showed the high rate of BDD (12.2%) in patients seeking for rhinoplasty11. However studies in other countries reported higher rates of BD. This discrepancy may be justified by the clinical interviews12. We aimed to translate and validate the Persian version of the BDDQ–Aesthetic Surgery in an aesthetic rhinoplasty population and tested it to estimate the prevalence and severity of BDD symptoms in the rhinoplasty candidates. Internal consistency, reliability and validity and sensitivity and specificity were also examined for this version. Go to: MATERIAL AND METHODS This analytical-descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Firoozgar Hospital, Tehran, Iran to validate the BDDQ-AS in Iranian society. Patients who were seeking for rhinoplasty were recruited at the plastic surgery of Firoozgar Hospital. Patients who had severe and very severe deficit in their nose were excluded from the study. Procedures were explained to the patients and written informed consent was obtained from all of them. The expert panel consist of psychiatric and psychologist applied for content validity. The translation, reliability and validity phases of the study were explained below. Translation Standard forward and back-translation procedure was followed. Two qualified translators conducted forward translations individually that were reconciled and merged. A third translator who is not aware of the content back-translated the corrected version for revision and identification of discrepancies. In 2020, seventy-nine Persian-speaking patients referred to rhinoplasty surgery department at Firoozgar hospital were recruited. The control group consisted of 70 patients who also completed the final questionnaire. Patients with severe defect were excluded from the study. The BDDQ-AS was derived from the BDDQ-Dermatology Version questionnaire with a little modification, to reduce the time and simplify the interpretation process for the aesthetic surgeon. This questionnaire is positive when patient was concern about the appearance and thinking about it (question 1 and 2) and also affect other sides of his/her life (more than 3 Yes response is considered positive BDDQ-AS). Reliability The instrument was assessed through internal consistency and split test. Cronbach`s alpha was used to estimate the internal consistency. Statistical analysis of split test reliability was performed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Validity The content validity was confirmed by expert panel and measured based on the Lashae and CVI formulas by Waltz and Basel in the Excel 2016 software. The reliability was determined by internal consistency and split-half method which the questions were divided into two parts, odd and even number, and the Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated their results. The content validity was examined by calculating the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) according to opinions of 13 psychiatrics or psychologists who were asked to comment on the importance, relevance, transparency and simplicity of the translated items. The criterion validity was evaluated by concurrent validity which investigates the correlation between the results of the BDDQ-AS and the Brazilian-Portuguese versions of the Yale brown obsessive-compulsive scale modified for BDD (BDD-YBOCS) and construct validity was also examined by comparing known groups. Statistical analysis Internal consistency of the questionnaire was defined by Cronbach`s alpha and for investigating the correlation between the quantitative variable, Pearson correlation coefficient was obtained. Data were analyzed by SPSS Statistics for Windows version 25.0 (Chicago, IL, USA) and MS Excel 2016. The minimum Cronbach`s alpha score was 0.7 to determine the internal reliability and the significance P-value level was less than 0.05. The minimum accepted Spearman score was 0.7 to confirm the correlation between the variables. Ethical Approval All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were following the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Go to: RESULTS The range of age in both groups was 17 to 52 yr old. The demographic features of the patients in both groups is summarized in Table 1. There was no significance difference between rhinoplasty group and control group in age and gender.