Phytotoxic Activity of Clove Oil, Its Constituents, and Its Modification by Light Intensity in Broccoli and Common Lambsquarters ( Chenopodium album )

Abstract

Herbicidal activity of clove oil and its main constituents eugenol, β-caryophyllene, and α-humulene was studied by measuring their effects on cell membrane integrity in broccoli and common lambsquarters plants at the three- and nine-leaf stage, respectively. Roles of essential oil constituents in the overall phytotoxicity of clove oil, dose-response (10 to 160 mM) relationships of their phytotoxicity, and the effect of light intensity on phytotoxicity of clove oil and eugenol were studied. Most of the phytotoxicity of clove oil (2.5% solution) was due to eugenol, its largest constituent. β-caryophyllene and α-humulene played little or no role. Dose-response relationships showed that at equimolar concentration, eugenol was the most phytotoxic essential oil constituent of the clove oil. On a per unit biomass basis, membrane damage in response to clove oil and eugenol sprays decreased with increasing light intensity. This suggests that efficacy of essential oil in causing plant damage could be affected by light intensity experienced by plants prior to the oil spray.