Metal–Organic Frameworks for Gaseous Pollutant Management: From Capture to Neutralization and Reutilization

Abstract

The management of hazardous pollutants remains a critical environmental and public health challenge, necessitating innovative materials capable of efficient capture, neutralization, and potential reutilization. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), with their tunable porosity, chemical versatility, and functional modularity, have emerged as promising platforms for addressing these demands. This review discusses recent advancements in MOF-based strategies for managing a range of priority pollutants, including chemical warfare agents (CWAs), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). For each pollutant class, we start with the discussion of emission sources, environmental impacts, and key challenges associated with their mitigation. In-depth insights are subsequently provided into MOF-based strategies for pollutant capture under practical conditions, neutralization (detoxification) to harmless substances, and reutilization through conversion into value-added products, offering a pathway toward sustainable development goals. By bridging pollutant capture, neutralization, and reutilization, this review establishes a comprehensive framework for advancing MOF-based materials toward sustainable pollutant management.