The Effect of β-Blocker Eye Drops on Pulse Rate, Ocular Blood Flow, and Glaucoma Progression: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study

Abstract

Introduction: Our study was conducted to determine factors associated with the effectiveness of a β-blocker eye drop add-on in altering pulse rate (PR) in glaucoma patients. Methods: This retrospective study examined 236 eyes of 138 patients who received a β-blocker eye drop add-on during follow-up. Patients were included if at least one PR measurement was available both before and after the add-on was started. We collected data on ophthalmic parameters: longitudinal PR; longitudinal choroidal blood flow, represented by laser speckle flowgraphy-measured mean blur rate (MBR); and diacron-reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs). We used a multivariable linear mixed-effects model to investigate the effectiveness of the β-blocker eye drop add-on in altering PR and examined factors contributing to a larger PR alteration after the add-on was started by analyzing the effect on PR of the interaction term between the add-on and clinical factors. We used the k-means method to classify the patients. Results: The β-blocker eye drop add-on reduced PR (− 7.61 bpm, P < 0.001). Female gender, higher PR when the add-on was started, lower central corneal thickness, and a higher d-ROM level were associated with greater reduction in PR (P < 0.05). In a cluster of patients with these clinical features, choroidal MBR increased by + 3.42% when we adjusted for change over time; MD slope, which represents the speed of glaucoma progression, improved by + 0.64 dB/year (P < 0.05). Conclusions: We identified a glaucoma subgroup in which PR decreased, choroidal blood flow increased, and glaucoma progression slowed after a β-blocker eye drop add-on was started.