Use of Nail Dermoscopy in the Management of Melanonychia: Review

Abstract

The term melanonychia describes a black-brown-gray pigmentation of the nail plate that, in most cases, appears as a longitudinal band. Melanonychia can be observed at any age, affecting one digit or several digits, in both fingernails and toenails. Its causes can be difficult to differentiate clinically and depend on the number of bands and on their color, edge, and width. For this reason, especially in adults and when the pigmentation is localized in one single digit, biopsy and histopathological examination still represent the gold standard for a definitive diagnosis. Dermoscopy should be used routinely in the evaluation of a pigmented nail, as it provides important information for the management of melanonychia and can help avoid unnecessary nail biopsies. In cases of melanonychia it is important to establish whether the pigment is melanin or not and to determine whether the pigmentation of melanin is due to activation or proliferation and whether it is benign or malignant.