Addressing housing affordability in Nigeria through incremental housing: an evaluation of the Millard Fuller Foundation (MFF) model

Abstract

Access to affordable housing remains one of Nigeria’s most pressing urban challenges, especially for low-income earners, who are excluded from formal housing markets due to limited financial capacity. This study evaluates the incremental housing model developed by the Millard Fuller Foundation (MFF), the only known example of a formally structured private sector-led initiative in Nigeria. Using a qualitative case study approach, the research draws on in-depth interviews conducted with a senior MFF representative and 16 resident households to examine the model’s design strategies, affordability mechanisms, implementation challenges, and user experiences. The findings reveal that the MFF’s approach, which focuses on shell-and-core construction, cooperative-based financing, and flexible payment structures, offers a viable pathway to homeownership for low- to middle-income earners. However, it fails to reach the poorest segments due to persistent affordability barriers. This study contributes novel insights into the institutionalisation of incremental housing in Nigeria and highlights the importance of policy support to scale such a model for broader impact. The MFF model offers valuable lessons for policymakers, developers, and housing advocates seeking innovative solutions to Nigeria’s affordable housing crisis.