Risk factors for mortality among adults registered on the routine drug resistant tuberculosis reporting database in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, 2011 to 2013

Abstract

Introduction South Africa is among countries with the highest burden of drug resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). The Eastern Cape Province reported the highest MDR-TB mortality rates in South Africa for the 2010 treatment cohorts. This study aimed to determine risk factors for mortality among adult patients registered for DR-TB treatment in the province. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult patients treated for laboratory confirmed DR-TB between January 2011 and December 2013. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients were obtained from a web-based electronic database of patients treated for DR-TB. We applied modified Poisson regression with robust standard errors to identify risk factors for DR-TB mortality. We also stratified the analyses into multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensively drug resistant (XDR-TB). Results Among 3,729 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 39% (n = 1,445) died. Of the patients that died, 53% (n = 766) were male, 68% (n = 982) had MDR-TB, 72% (n = 1,038) were HIV co-infected, and median age was 37 years (Interquartile Range [IQR] 30–46). Patients were at higher risk of mortality during DR-TB treatment if they were HIV co-infected not on antiretroviral treatment (ART) (adjusted incidence risk ratio [aIRR] 3.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.9–3.8), were 60 years or older (aIRR 1.7, 95%CI 1.5–2.0), had a diagnosis of XDR-TB (aIRR 1.6, 95%CI 1.5–1.7), or had been hospitalised at treatment start (aIRR 1.7, 95%CI 1.5–1.8). Among MDR-TB patients, risk of mortality was higher if patients were HIV co-infected not on ART (aIRR 3.9, 95%CI 3.3–4.6), were 60 years or older (aIRR 1.9, 95%CI 1.6–2.3), or had been hospitalised at start of MDR-TB treatment (aIRR 1.7, 95%CI 1.5–1.9). Among XDR-TB patients, risk of mortality was higher in patients who were HIV co-infected not on ART (aIRR 1.8, 95%CI 1.5–2.2), or had been hospitalised at the start of XDR-TB treatment (aIRR 1.5, 95%CI 1.3–1.8). Conclusion HIV co-infected not on ART, older age, XDR-TB and hospital admission for DR-TB treatment were independent risk factors for DR-TB mortality. Integration of TB and HIV services, with focus on voluntary HIV testing and counselling of DR-TB patients with unknown HIV status, and provision of ART for all co-infected patients may reduce DR-TB mortality in the Eastern Cape.