Ultrasound guided procedures in the musculoskeletal system: a narrative review with illustrative examples

Abstract

Background and Objective: Ultrasound guidance plays a pivotal role in percutaneous procedures for diagnosing and managing musculoskeletal disorders. Such procedures encompass biopsies for tumor, diagnostic aspiration and therapeutic drainage of abscesses, hematomas, cysts and fluid collections, therapeutic injections into joints, nerves, and tendons, as well as aspirations of calcium deposits and extraction of foreign bodies. This review aims to compile the most frequent ultrasound-guided procedures in the musculoskeletal system and present the state-of-the-art in current advances and evidence. Methods: We performed a literature review on interventional ultrasound in the musculoskeletal system, and included reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analysis, and clinical trials published during the last 10 years. Articles related to imaging techniques different from ultrasound, or spinal, thoracoabdominal and facial procedures were excluded. A total of 120 articles were selected and included in this review. We qualitatively synthesized the main findings and complemented the review with illustrative images from our daily practice. Key Content and Findings: Most of the reviewed studies found superiority of ultrasound-guided versus landmark-guided procedures. Ultrasound was generally considered as a valuable tool for many specialists in diagnosing and treating many musculoskeletal pathologies, but some disparities in needle approaches, techniques, medication, and doses make it difficult to draw strong evidence in different clinical scenarios. Conclusions: Advances in ultrasound-guided procedures in the musculoskeletal system have enabled radiologists and other specialists to achieve high accuracy in diagnosing and treating various musculoskeletal conditions, including tumors, inflammatory and degenerative arthritis, tendinopathies, and bursal pathologies.