Female nutritional status across the life-span in sub-Saharan Africa. 2. Causes and consequences

Abstract

This article reviews existing data concerning the causes and consequences of female malnutrition in subSaharan Africa. As in most parts of the world, theprimary cause of female malnutrition is household food insecurity compounded by low household and individual incomes. Gender-specific factors that further undermine women's nutritional status are the severe physiological burden of frequent child-bearing and the continuous long hours of energy-intensive work. Negative consequences of malnutrition among females include high rates of mortality and morbidity, impaired learning, low birthweights, and reduced energy for discretionary activities. We question the conclusion of other studies that African women have developed special "adaptive mechanisms" to compensate for nutritional deprivation, and recommend that further research investigate the hidden individual and societal costs of malnutrition among women.