Multi-Component Exercise with High-Intensity, Free-Weight, Functional Resistance Training in Pre-Frail Females: A Quasi-Experimental, Pilot Study

Abstract

Background: No study has performed an exercise intervention that included high-intensity, free-weight, functional resistance training, and assessed frailty status as an inclusion criteria and outcome measure via original, standardized tools, in pre-frail females. Objectives: Determine if the intervention strategy is not only feasible and safe, but can also improve frailty status, functional task performance, and muscle strength. Design: Pilot, quasi-experimental. Setting: Community. characteristics: Intervention: 12-weeks (3 days/week, 45–60 minutes/session) of multi-component exercise, inclusive of aerobic, resistance, balance and flexibility exercises. The crux of the program was balance and resistance exercises, the latter utilized high-intensity, free-weight, functional resistance training. The control group maintained their usual care. Measurements: 1)Feasibility and safety (dropout, adherence, and adverse event)2)Frailty (Frailty Phenotype, Clinical Frailty Scale, and gait speed)3)Functional task performance (grip strength and sit-to-stand time); and4)Isometric and isotonic strength of the knee extensors and elbow flexors. Results: No participants dropped out of the intervention or experienced an adverse event, and adherence averaged 88.3%. The exercise group became less frail, whereas the control group became more frail. There was a significant within-group improvement in exercise participants gait speed (p ≤ 0.01, +0.24 m/sec), grip strength (p ≤ 0.01, +3.9 kg), and sit-to-stand time (p ≤ 0.01, -5.0 sec). There was a significant within-group improvement in exercise participants knee extension isometric torque (p ≤ 0.05, +7.4 Nm) and isotonic velocity (p = ≤ 0.01, +37.5 °/sec). Elbow flexion isotonic velocity significantly declined within the control group (p ≤ 0.01, -20.2 °/sec) and demonstrated a significant between-group difference (p ≤ 0.05, 40.73 °/sec) post-intervention. Conclusions: The intervention strategy appears to be feasible and safe, and may also improve frailty status, functional task performance, and muscle strength. These results help calculate effect size for a future randomized controlled trial.