Allocating methane emissions to natural gas and oil production from shale formations

Abstract

The natural gas supply chain includes production, processing, and transmission of natural gas, which originates from conventional, shale, coal bed, and other reservoirs. Because the hydrocarbon products and the emissions associated with extraction from different reservoir types can differ, when expressing methane emissions from the natural gas supply chain, it is important to allocate emissions to particular hydrocarbon products and reservoir types. In this work, life cycle allocation methods have been used to assign methane emissions from production wells operating in shale formations to oil, condensate, and gas products from the wells. The emission allocations are based on a data set of 489 gas wells in routine operation and 19 well completion events. The methane emissions allocated to natural gas production are approximately 85% of total emissions (mass based allocation), but there is regional variability in the data and therefore this work demonstrates the need to track natural gas sources by both formation type and production region. Methane emissions allocated to salable natural gas production from shale formations, based on this work, are a factor of 2 to 7 lower than those reported in commonly used life cycle data sets.