The Symptom Burden of Autonomic Neuropathy Is Associated with Decreased Quality of Life in 6961 People with Diabetes

Abstract

Background: Diabetes often causes microvascular complications such as neuropathy. Autonomic neuropathy remains under-recognized, and its impact on quality of life (QoL) is unclear. This study investigated associations between symptoms of autonomic dysfunction, including organ-specific subdomains, and QoL in individuals with type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: A cross-sectional population-based survey was conducted in the North Denmark Region among individuals with T1D and T2D, assessing autonomic symptom burden with the Composite Autonomic Symptom Score-31 (COMPASS-31), general well-being with the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), and psychological well-being with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Multivariate linear regression assessed associations between autonomic symptom scores and QoL outcomes. Results: The COMPASS-31 scores were 8.9 (2.9; 22.8) in T1D and 12.4 (5.3; 26.1) in T2D. SF-36 physical composite scores were 52.1 (43.2; 56.4) in T1D and 49.3 (40.3; 54.8) in T2D, with similar mental composite scores (50.7 (40.3; 56.9) vs. 51.4 (41.2; 57.2)). Signs of moderate to severe anxiety were observed in 9.9% (95% confidence interval (CI): 8.1–11.9) of T1D and 8.9% (95% CI: 8.1–9.6) of T2D, while depression was present in 5.9% (95% CI: 4.5–7.6) and 5.1% (95% CI: 4.5–5.7). Higher autonomic symptom burden, especially pupillary, vasomotor, and bladder domains, was associated with lower SF-36 score and higher anxiety and depression scores. Conclusions: the Autonomic symptom burden is associated with reduced QoL and increased psychological distress in individuals with diabetes. These findings emphasize the importance of assessing and managing autonomic symptoms in diabetes care to support overall well-being.