The relationships among Instagram use, self-esteem, and symptoms of depression in Albanian youth

Abstract

This study investigates the complex interplay between social media usage, gender, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms among youth in Albania. Employing a cross-sectional research design with nonrandom sampling, the research surveyed 375 young individuals residing in Tirana. Participants completed a tailored questionnaire—the Questionnaire for the Assessment of Social Network Usage, Self-Esteem, and Psychological Distress (QASAPD)—designed to evaluate problematic social media engagement, levels of self-esteem, and psychological distress. The findings reveal that the youth in this sample experience a moderate degree of depressive symptoms, with an average score of 2.66 (SD = 1.43). Notably, gender differences emerged: girls reported significantly lower self-esteem and higher levels of depression compared to boys (F = 3; SM = 0.865; df = 5). In contrast, boys exhibited higher tendencies toward aggression and nervousness (F = 3; SM = 0.776; df = 5). Further analysis showed that girls were more likely to experience low self-esteem and confidence (OR = 3), increased irritation and aggression (OR = 2.91), and greater difficulties with concentration (OR = 1.78). A significant correlation was identified between social media engagement, gender, and depressive symptoms (r = 0.914; p = 0.820), suggesting that increased social media use is associated with heightened psychological distress, particularly among female participants. Additionally, the study found a positive relationship between self-confidence and concerns about social media activities, as well as a weak positive association between gender and self-estimation. In conclusion, this research contributes valuable insights into the psychological impact of social media on Albanian youth, highlighting the importance of considering gender differences in mental health outcomes. The findings underscore the need for further research, particularly through the application of the QASAPD in neighboring countries, to explore cultural variations and deepen understanding of these contemporary challenges.