Zinc sulfate and sugar alcohol zinc sprays at critical stages to improve apple fruit quality

Abstract

This research was initiated to determine the response of apple (Malus xdomestica) fruit quality to sprays of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) and sugar alcohol zinc. Two apple cultivars Fuji and Gala were evaluated, the leaf zinc (Zn) concentration of which were about 14.3 mg kgL-1 dry weight without Zn deficiency symptoms. The trees were sprayed with ZnSO4 and sugar alcohol zinc separately during four different developmental stages: 2 weeks before budbreak (P1), 3 weeks after bloom (P2), the termination of spring shoot growth (P3), and 4 weeks before harvest (P4). The fruit was harvested at maturity and analyzed for fruit quality and fruit Zn concentration. Zinc sprays during the four different developmental stages increased Zn concentration of peeled and washed fruit at harvest, without phytotoxicity. The treatments at stages P2 and P4 increased average fruit weight of 'Gala' and 'Fuji', respectively. The treatments at stages P1 and P4 increased the fruit firmness of 'Gala', while the treatments at stages P1 and P2 increased the fruit firmness of 'Fuji'. The treatments at stages P1, P2, and P4 increased the soluble sugar and vitamin C of 'Gala' fruit, while the treatments at all the stages increased the soluble sugar and vitamin C of 'Fuji'. And the effects of sugar alcohol zinc were equal and more pronounced than those of ZnSO4. Thus, Zn sprays at critical periods can improve fruit quality of apple trees, which show no Zn deficiency symptoms with leaf Zn concentration less than 15 mg kgL-1 dry weight.