Tissue factor and cardiovascular disease: Quo vadis?

Abstract

The coagulation cascade represents a system of proteases responsible to maintain vascular integrity and to induce rapid clot formation after vessel injury. Tissue factor (TF), the key initiator of the coagulation cascade, binds to factor VIIa and thereby activates factor IX and factor X, resulting in thrombus formation. Different stimuli enhance TF gene expression in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. In addition to these vascular cells, TF has recently been detected in the bloodstream in circulating cells such as leukocytes and platelets, as a component of microparticles, and as a soluble, alternatively spliced form of TF. Various cardiovascular risk factors like hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, increase levels of TF. In line with this observation, enhanced vascular TF expression occurs during atherogenesis, particularly in patients with acute coronary syndromes.