Exploring the evolution of global beef trade network patterns based on complex network analysis

Abstract

Introduction: The global beef trade, as a critical component of the meat trade, plays an important role in balancing beef supply and demand worldwide. However, research on the evolution of its network patterns remains relatively limited. This article aims to explore the evolution of global beef trade network patterns and provide insights into its implications for sustainable development. Methods: Using complex network theory, this paper constructs weighted and unweighted global beef trade networks based on international trade data and conducts an in-depth analysis of the evolution of global beef trade patterns from 2013 to 2022 across the overall, individual, and clustering levels. Results: The analysis reveals an increasing trend in connectivity, efficiency, and tightness within the global beef trade network. In the unweighted network, the core beef-importing countries are primarily concentrated in Germany, the United Arab Emirates, and the Netherlands. However, in the weighted network, the core importing countries shift to the United States, Japan, and China. Meanwhile, the core beef-exporting countries consistently remain Australia, Brazil, and New Zealand in both network types. Additionally, the analysis identifies clustering and regionalization characteristics within the global beef trade blocks. Discussion: These findings highlight the evolving dynamics of global beef trade, emphasizing the roles of key countries and the structural shifts in the trade network. The study provides targeted recommendations for promoting sustainable development in the beef trade sector.