A Short History of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Abstract

A comprehensive account of the history of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a difficult endeavor, considering the long history of the entity and several misunderstandings that persist to this day. Our modern conceptualizations of the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and treatment have evolved, extending from its earliest description in literature from the nineteenth century with behavioral observation of abnormal breathing during sleep to scientific advances made over recent decades with recognition of different syndromes associated with abnormal breathing and sleep. There have been lessons on the nature of hypoventilation and sleepiness, the role of carbon dioxide retention and sleep fragmentation, increasingly sophisticated monitoring, nuanced redefinition of terms, debates on the underlying airway mechanics, new treatments, and recognition of the prevalence and long-term consequences. This knowledge serves as a cornerstone in the practice of sleep medicine, and a reflection on its history enhances the appreciation and understanding of the relationship between sleep and breathing.