Shared Genetic Risk Factors for Multiple Sclerosis/Psoriasis Suggest Involvement of Interleukin-17 and Janus Kinase–Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription Signaling

Abstract

Objective: Psoriasis and multiple sclerosis (MS) are complex immune diseases that are mediated by T cells and share multiple comorbidities. Previous studies have suggested psoriatic patients are at higher risk of MS; however, causal relationships between the two conditions remain unclear. Through epidemiology and genetics, we provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship, and share molecular factors between psoriasis and MS. Methods: We used logistic regression, trans-disease meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization. Medical claims data were included from 30 million patients, including 141,544 with MS and 742,919 with psoriasis. We used genome-wide association study summary statistics from 11,024 psoriatic, 14,802 MS cases, and 43,039 controls for trans-disease meta-analysis, with additional summary statistics from 5 million individuals for Mendelian randomization. Results: Psoriatic patients have a significantly higher risk of MS (4,637 patients with both diseases; odds ratio [OR] 1.07, p = 1.2 × 10−5) after controlling for potential confounders. Using inverse variance and equally weighted trans-disease meta-analysis, we revealed >20 shared and opposing (direction of effect) genetic loci outside the major histocompatibility complex that showed significant genetic colocalization (in COLOC and COLOC-SuSiE v5.1.0). Co-expression analysis of genes from these loci further identified distinct clusters that were enriched among pathways for interleukin-17/tumor necrosis factor-α (OR >39, p < 1.6 × 10−3) and Janus kinase–signal transducers and activators of transcription (OR 35, p = 1.1 × 10−5), including genes, such as TNFAIP3, TYK2, and TNFRSF1A. Mendelian randomization found psoriasis as an exposure has a significant causal effect on MS (OR 1.04, p = 5.8 × 10−3), independent of type 1 diabetes (OR 1.05, p = 4.3 × 10−7), type 2 diabetes (OR 1.08, p = 2.3 × 10−3), inflammatory bowel disease (OR 1.11, p = 1.6 × 10−11), and vitamin D level (OR 0.75, p = 9.4 × 10−3). Interpretation: By investigating the shared genetics of psoriasis and MS, along with their modifiable risk factors, our findings will advance innovations in treatment for patients suffering from comorbidities. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:384–397.