Modeling of hepatic drug metabolism and responses in CYP2C19 poor metabolizer using genetically manipulated human iPS cells

Abstract

Cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily C member 19 (CYP2C19), in liver, plays important roles in terms of drug metabolism. It is known that CYP2C19 poor metabolizers (PMs) lack CYP2C19 metabolic capacity. Thus, unexpected drug-induced liver injury or decrease of drug efficacy would be caused in CYP2C19 substrate-treated CYP2C19 PMs. However, it is difficult to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of drugs and candidate compounds for CYP2C19 PMs because there is currently no model for this phenotype. Here, using human induced pluripotent stem cells (human iPS cells) and our highly efficient genome-editing and hepatocyte differentiation technologies, we generated CYP2C19-knockout human iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells (CYP2C19-KO HLCs) as a novel CYP2C19 PM model for drug development and research. The gene expression levels of hepatocyte markers were similar between wild-type iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells (WT HLCs) and CYP2C19-KO HLCs, suggesting that CYP2C19 deficiency did not affect the hepatic differentiation potency. We also examined CYP2C19 metabolic activity by measuring S-mephenytoin metabolites using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The CYP2C19 metabolic activity was almost eliminated by CYP2C19 knockout. Additionally, we evaluated whether clopidogrel (CYP2C19 substrate)-induced liver toxicity could be predicted using our model. Unexpectedly, there was no significant difference in cell viability between clopidogrel-treated WT HLCs and CYP2C19-KO HLCs. However, the cell viability in clopidogreland ketoconazole (CYP3A4 inhibitor)-treated CYP2C19-KO HLCs was significantly enhanced as compared with that in clopidogreland DMSO-treated CYP2C19-KO HLCs. This result suggests that CYP2C19-KO HLCs can predict clopidogrel-induced liver toxicity. We succeeded in generating CYP2C19 PM model cells using human iPS cells and genome-editing technologies for pharmaceutical research.