Polytolerance to abiotic stresses: How universal is the shade-drought tolerance trade-off in woody species?

Abstract

Aim: According to traditional ecophysiological theories stress tolerance of plants is predominately determined by universal physiochemical constraints. Plant acclimation to environmental stress therefore compromises plant performance under a different stress, hindering successful toleration of several abiotic stress factors simultaneously. Yet recent studies have shown that these trade-offs are less exclusive than postulated so far, leaving more wiggle room for gaining polytolerance through adaptations. We tested whether polytolerance to shade and drought depends on cold and waterlogging tolerances - hypothesizing that polytolerance patterns in different species groups (angiosperms versus gymnosperms; deciduous versus evergreen; species originating from North America, Europe and East Asia) depend on the length of the vegetation period and species dormancy through limiting the duration of favourable growing season. Location: Northern Hemisphere. Methods: Our study analysed four main abiotic stress factors - shade, drought, cold and waterlogging stress - for 806 Northern Hemisphere woody species using cross-calibrated tolerance rankings. The importance of trade-offs among species ecological potentials was evaluated using species-specific estimates of polytolerance to chosen factors. Results: We found that both cold and waterlogging tolerance are negatively related to species capabilities of simultaneously tolerating low-light and low-water conditions. While this pattern was different in angiosperms and gymnosperms, species region of origin and leaf type had no effect on this relationship. Main conclusions: Our results demonstrate that adaptation to different abiotic stress factors in woody plants is highly complex. The length of the vegetation period and dormancy are the key factors explaining why woody plants are less capable of tolerating both shade and drought in habitats where vegetation period is relatively short and the water table high. While dormancy enables angiosperms to more successfully face additional stress factors besides shade and drought, gymnosperms have lower polytolerance, but can better tolerate of shade and drought when other environmental factors are favourable.