Design and Performance Optimization of Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Efficiency

Abstract

In response to the growing demand for renewable energy sources, particularly solar energy, extensive research is being conducted to explore new materials and technologies that can enhance the efficiency and reduce the cost of solar cells. Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs), with their high efficiency, low production cost, and adjustable bandgap, have emerged as a potential alternative to traditional silicon-based solar cells. However, concerns have been raised regarding the environmental and public health impacts of the toxicity of lead-based perovskite materials. Thus, the development of lead-free PSCs has recently gained significant attention. This study provides a simulated analysis of lead-free PSCs, employing CH3NH3SnI3 as the absorber layer. The primary objectives of this research include the identification of optimal materials for Electron Transport Layers (ETLs) and Hole Transport Layers (HTLs) to enhance cell performance, as well as an investigation into the influence of thickness, doping concentration, and the profile of doping concentration on device performance. These objectives were fulfilled using a 1D-Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator. Results from the simulation reveal that PSCs utilizing SnO2 and CuSbS2 for ETL and HTL respectively, demonstrate a high power conversion efficiency of 29.47%. Key performance indicators such as open circuit voltage, short circuit current density, and Fill Factor were recorded at 1.0241 V, 33.76 mA/cm2, and 85.22%, respectively. These findings offer valuable insights for the future development of efficient and environmentally-friendly PSCs.