Intraocular drug delivery systems for Diabetic retinopathy: Current and future prospective

Abstract

In pharmaceutical research and development, novel drug delivery systems represent a significant advancement aimed at enhancing the efficacy of therapeutic agents through innovative delivery mechanisms. The primary objective of these systems is to transport therapeutic compounds to specific target sites, such as tumors and afflicted tissues, with the dual purpose of mitigating side effects and toxicity associated with the drugs while concurrently augmenting therapeutic effectiveness. Numerous innovative drug delivery strategies have been scrutinized for their applicability in the context of targeted ocular drug delivery. Diverse novel carriers, including but not limited to implants, hydrogels, metal nanoparticles, Nanoliposomes, micelles, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), emulsions, and biodegradable nanoparticles, have been harnessed to facilitate the controlled release of pharmaceutical agents to the retina and vitreous. These carriers offer distinct advantages, such as enhanced intraocular drug delivery, precise control over drug release kinetics, heightened stability, and superior entrapment efficiency. This comprehensive review seeks to elucidate the current strides made in the realm of carriers and their contemporary applications in treating diabetic retinopathy (DR). Furthermore, it underscores these carriers' pivotal role in achieving efficacious intraocular drug delivery. Additionally, this article explores the various administration routes, potential future advancements, and the multifaceted challenges confronting the domain of novel carriers in treating DR. In conclusion, novel formulations are introduced to surmount the challenges associated with intraocular drug delivery (Figure Presentred).