Size-Dependent photodynamic anticancer activity of biocompatible multifunctional magnetic submicron particles in prostate cancer cells

Abstract

In this study, newly designed biocompatible multifunctional magnetic submicron particles (CoFe2 O4 -HPs-FAs) of well-defined sizes (60, 133, 245, and 335 nm) were fabricated for application as a photosensitizer delivery agent for photodynamic therapy in cancer cells. To provide selective targeting of cancer cells and destruction of cancer cell functionality, basic cobalt ferrite (CoFe2 O4 ) particles were covalently bonded with a photosensitizer (PS), which comprises hematoporphyrin (HP), and folic acid (FA) molecules. The magnetic properties of the CoFe2 O4 particles were finely adjusted by controlling the size of the primary CoFe2 O4 nanograins, and secondary superstructured composite particles were formed by aggregation of the nanograins. The prepared CoFe2 O4 -HP-FA exhibited high water solubility, good MR-imaging capacity, and biocompatibility without any in vitro cytotoxicity. In particular, our CoFe2 O4 -HP-FA exhibited remarkable photodynamic anticancer efficiency via induction of apoptotic death in PC-3 prostate cancer cells in a particle size- and concentration-dependent manner. This size-dependent effect was determined by the specific surface area of the particles because the number of HP molecules increased with decreasing size and increasing surface area. These results indicate that our CoFe2 O4 -HP-FA may be applicable for photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a PS delivery material and a therapeutic agent for MR-imaging based PDT owing to their high saturation value for magnetization and superparamagnetism.