Nanoplastics and Immune Disruption: A Systematic Review of Exposure Routes, Mechanisms, and Health Implications

Abstract

Plastic waste degradation has led to an increase in nanoplastics, which can cross biological barriers and disrupt immune function, potentially triggering inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Literature from PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library (2015–2025) was screened for in vitro and in vivo studies investigating nanoplastic-induced immune responses, with data extraction and quality assessment performed by independent reviewers. Ten studies met inclusion criteria. Both in vitro and in vivo evidence demonstrated that nanoplastic exposure induces oxidative stress, cytokine imbalance, and activation of pro-inflammatory pathways, resulting in tissue-specific cellular damage across multiple organs. Nanoplastic exposure is linked to significant immune modulation and inflammation, indicating potential public health risks. Further long-term, standardized research is needed to elucidate the role of nanoplastics in autoimmune diseases such as lichen planus and to inform regulatory policies.