Applying Video-Based Systematic Social Observation to Police Use of Force Encounters: An Assessment of De-Escalation and Escalation within the Context of Proportionality and Incrementalism

Abstract

Although researchers have generated many studies related to police use of force, with an increasing focus on de-escalation, none have sought to systematically assess escalation, related factors, and the extent to which force usage may be considered appropriate from an objectively reasonable framework. Using video-based data (N = 540) from two agencies (Dallas and Smith County, TX) this study employs a Systematic Social Observation (SSO) methodology and incorporates an modified analytical tool (i.e., Resistance Force Comparative Scheme) to assesses de-escalation/escalation. The findings demonstrate that officers most commonly use proportional and incremental force during suspect encounters, neither de-escalating nor escalating. However, when officers do deviate, they are much more likely to escalate as opposed to de-escalate. Further, officers are more apt to use escalated force during proactive encounters, as well as when interacting with suspects who are male and impaired. Additionally, officers with a more negative demeanor (i.e., disrespectful) are more likely to use escalated force. Conversely, officers are less likely to use escalated force when backup officers are on scene, when there is more evidence of a crime present, and when interacting with older suspects. We discuss the training, policy, and research implications of this work, as well as the importance of conducting methodologically rigorous use of force studies within the framework of potential appropriateness.