Sensing the darkness: Dark therapy, authority, and spiritual experience

Abstract

Religious experiences are important for many human traditions. A predictive processing-based approach to religious experiences previously identified sensory deprivation and the influence of authority as probable means of their induction. To observe the effects of these factors on human perception and psychology, this qualitative study focuses on the alternative-spiritual practice called Dark therapy, which combines days alone in complete darkness with the influence of authority—a guide consulting clients daily. Qualitative data were obtained via interviews and engaged field observations; interview data from 12 participants were analyzed using open and hypothesis coding. Findings demonstrate that Dark therapy induces psychologically challenging experiences and unusual perceptual phenomena. Participants who can gain a feeling of control could actively exploit the Dark by gaining perceptually active experiences related to their expectations, beliefs, and previous cultural learning. Guides could influence clients’ experiences, but clients only chose to learn from them when perceiving guides as prestigious. Combining sensory deprivation with social seclusion and the influence of authority thus seems to be a potent practice for the induction of spiritual and other special experiences. The predictive processing framework and theories on human ethology can provide a useful explanatory framework for the observed effects of these factors and point to interesting future directions in research on religious experiences.