A Comprehensive Review on the Current Status, Application and Challenges of Second-life Batteries for Energy Storage System

Abstract

The swift and widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has resulted in a dramatic surge in the number of batteries being produced and utilized globally. However, this growth has also led to a concerning trend: a significant portion of these batteries is discarded annually, often through improper or environmentally harmful disposal methods. Such practices pose serious environmental risks, including pollution and the release of toxic substances into ecosystems. This remaining energy capacity makes them highly suitable for repurposing and extended use in secondary applications, such as energy storage systems, renewable energy integration, or other non-automotive uses. By leveraging these batteries for secondary purposes, we can not only mitigate environmental harm but also maximize their value and utility, contributing to a more sustainable and circular economy. Second-life batteries (SLBs) present a sustainable alternative to direct disposal, helping to minimize environmental harm while maximizing the energy and resources invested in battery production. Implementing SLBs in energy storage systems (ESS) offers a practical solution to battery waste while enhancing energy efficiency. However, ensuring safety and reliability remains a critical challenge, particularly in accurately predicting the State of Health (SoH) to prevent battery-related incidents. This paper explores the implementation of SLBs in ESS, their potential benefits, and the challenges associated with their adoption. It also examines existing barriers and proposes solutions to advance research in this rapidly evolving field. By addressing these challenges, SLBs can serve as a transformative technology in energy storage, paving the way for a more sustainable and resource-efficient future.