Applicability of Agro-Waste Materials in Structural Systems for Building Construction: A Scoping Review

Abstract

This article presents the results of a systematic review investigating the potential of agricultural wastes as sustainable and low-carbon alternatives in reinforced concrete (RC) production. Background: The depletion of natural resources and the environmental burden of conventional construction materials necessitate innovative solutions to reduce the carbon footprint of construction. Agricultural wastes, including coconut shells (CSs), rice husk ash (RHA), and palm oil (PO) fuel ash, emerge as promising materials due to their abundance and mechanical benefits. Objective: This review evaluates the potential of agricultural wastes to improve sustainability and enhance the mechanical properties of RC structural elements while reducing carbon emissions. Design: Studies were systematically analyzed to explore the sources, classification, and material properties of agro-wastes (AWs), with a particular focus on their environmental benefits and performance in concrete. Results: Key findings demonstrate that AWs enhance compressive strength, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity while reducing the carbon footprint of construction. However, challenges such as variability in material properties, limited long-term durability data, and lack of standardized guidelines hinder their broader adoption. Conclusions: AWs hold significant potential as sustainable additives for RC elements, aligning with global sustainability goals. Future research should address material optimization, lifecycle assessments, and regulatory integration to facilitate their mainstream adoption in construction.