Evidence of change in the winter mixed layer in the Northeast Pacific Ocean: A problem revisited

Abstract

This paper presents a reanalysis of trends in water properties around the Gulf of Alaska. The datasets used are the lighthouse time series and the Line-P time series augmented with data from the Argo global float array. It is shown that though trends have changed, the essential story that was told 15 years ago has not changed in any meaningful way. Sea-surface temperatures are rising over a large part of the Gulf of Alaska, and sea-surface salinities are declining. Both of these lead to a decrease in surface density. We show that the temperature change extends deep into the Gulf of Alaska, and the freshening trend extends to a depth of about 100 db. Potential energy in the water column is decreasing, and the result of the decreasing potential energy and the increasing stratification implies a decrease in mid-winter mixed layer depths.