Prevalence of Needle Stick and Sharps Injury and Hepatitis B Vaccination among Healthcare Workers in a South-East Nigerian Tertiary Hospital

Abstract

Background: Daily, HCWs are exposed to needle stick and sharps injury (NSSI) and associated risk of life-threatening infections. Aim: A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of NSSI and HBV vaccination among 341 HCWs at NAUTH, Nnewi. Methods: Data was collected using a self-administered. questionnaire and interview of key staff. Results: The mean age of participants was 33.4±11.9 years while male: female ratio was 1:1.7. Prevalence of NSSI in the preceding 12 months was 25.5% with doctors (43.0% [34/79]), laboratory scientists (27.5%[14/51]) and nurses (21.8%[17/78]) leading (p=0.014). Noncompliance with standard precaution (SP) and non-display of relevant SP SOPs in prominent places were significantly associated with NSSI (p=0.001). Among those exposed to NSSI, only 33.7% (28/83) consulted a doctor, while 16.9%(14/83) took post-exposure prophylaxis. Two-third (68.8% [190/276]) of respondents correctly cited HBV/HCV as vaccine-preventable blood-borne healthcare-associated infection (HAI) while half (50.9% [161/316]) had received HBV vaccination. Profession (p=0.018), display of SOPs in prominent places (p=0.015), ability to cite HBV/HCV as vaccine-preventable blood-borne HAI (p=0.001), and compliance with SP (p<0.001) were significantly associated with HBV vaccination. Unit heads' responses implied lack of written policy on HBV vaccination, adequate training on NSSI prevention, and HBV vaccination support. Conclusion: Among HCWs, NSSI is high but under-reported while HBV vaccination rate is unimpressive. Profession, display of relevant SOPs, and compliance with SP positively affected both NSSI occurrence and HBV vaccination while knowledge about vaccine-preventable blood-borne HAI also influence HBV vaccination status. Written policies on HBV vaccination and NSSI prevention/ management, their communication and enforcement among HCWs, adequate training/retraining, display of SOPs in prominent places, and free HBV vaccination are recommended Authors C U Onubogu 1, E I Nwaneli 1, C G Chigbo 2, M C Egbuniwe 3, R O Egeonu 4, S N Chukwurah 5, N P Maduekwe 6, I Onyeyili 6, C P Umobi 3, O F Emelumadu 7