Molecular Determinants of the Platelet Aggregation Inhibitory Activity of Carbamoylpiperidines

Abstract

A series of α,α′-bis[3-(N,N-dialkylcarbamoyl)piperidino]-p-xylenes were synthesized and tested for their inhibitory activity on ADP-induced aggregation of human platelets. A parabolic curve was obtained when log 1/C (activity) was plotted against log P (octanol/water partition coefficient). Using this as a model, a new analogue, α,α′-bis-[3-(N-methyl-N-butylcarbamoyl)piperidino]-p-xylene (3g), was synthesized with a predicted IC50 of 25 mM. When this compound was subsequently evaluated, the IC50 was 22.1 ± 5.5 μM, demonstrating the applicability of this model. The amide oxygen of the carbamoyl substituent appeared necessary for activity. Thus, for example, when the amide carbonyl group of 3a (IC50 = 44.5 μM) was reduced to CH2, the resulting compound 4 had a dramatically reduced activity, IC50 = 1565 mM. Compound 3a was resolved into (+) and (-) enantiomers and a meso (0) diastereomer using fractional crystallization, diastereomeric tartrate formation, and chiral HPLC. Compared to (-)-3a, the (+) isomer was 15 times more potent when ADP was the agonist and 19 times more active when collagen was used as the agonist. Molecular modeling of R,R- and S,S-3a using the sybyl program was used to examine their interactions with phosphatidylinositol (PI). There was a better fit between PI and the R,R-3a with the energy of interaction being 17.6 kcal/mol less than that of the S,S-3a/PI complex. Although the absolute stereochemistry of individual enantiomers is not known, this study shows that RJt-3a interacts more favorably with PI than does S,S-3a and that (+)-3a is a more potent inhibitor of human platelet aggregation than (-)-3a. It is postulated that because of their lipophilicity, these compounds penetrate the platelet membrane and are then protonated at the pH of the cytosol. The protonated N then neutralizes the anionic charge on the membrane phosphoinositides, thereby rendering them less susceptible to hydrolysis by phospholipase C. Thus, the determinant parameters for optimum antiplatelet activity in 3-carbamoylpiperidines are (1) the amide carbonyl, (2) appropriate stereochemistry of the 3-substituent and (3) a log P value of about 4.5. © 1992, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.