Profile and Usefulness of Serum Cytokines to Predict Prognosis in Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody−Associated Disease

Abstract

Objectives To characterize the serum cytokine profile in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody–associated disease (MOGAD) at onset and during follow-up and assess their utility for predicting relapses and disability. Methods This retrospective multicentric cohort study included patients aged 16 years and older meeting MOGAD 2023 criteria, with serum samples collected at baseline (≤3 months from disease onset) and follow-up (≥6 months from the baseline), and age-matched and time to sampling–matched patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Eleven cytokines were assessed using the ELLA system. Data comparisons and statistical analyses between cytokine levels and clinical outcomes were performed. Results Eighty-eight patients with MOGAD and 32 patients with MS were included. Patients with MOGAD showed higher IL6 (p = 0.036), IL8 (p = 0.012), and IL18 (p = 0.026) baseline levels compared with those with MS, in non–optic neuritis (ON) presentations. BAFF values increased over time, especially in patients with MOGAD treated with anti-CD20 (p = 0.002). Baseline BAFF, CXCL10, IL10, and IL8 levels correlated with disease severity at MOGAD onset (all p < 0.05). Finally, higher baseline BAFF levels predicted lower risk of relapses (hazard ratio 0.41 [0.19; 0.89], p = 0.024). Discussion This study suggests a proinflammatory Th17-dominant profile in non-ON MOGAD patients, with a novel finding of a potential protective role of BAFF on relapses. These results shed new light on the pathogenesis of MOGAD, potentially guiding therapeutic decisions.