Governance, violence and the struggle for economic regulation in South Sudan: the case ofBudi County (Eastern Equatoria)

Abstract

This article analyses how Budi County in Eastern Equatoria State (South Sudan) was governed during the 1990s and up to mid-2007. Because its capital Chukudum was the SPLM/A headquarters almost throughout that period, it provides us with an interesting case from which to explore how the SPLM/A governed during the war and how this impacts on the post-war peace. One observation is that the war, besides a period of devastation and human suffering, was also a time of economic opportunities and social differentiation. For that reason this article will also explore livestock trade as a new mode of wealth appropriation and the changing nature of cattle raiding, and how this interferes with the struggle for regulatory power and governable "spaces". This means that we comprehend the economy as a political terrain. At the same time we leave room for sociological perspectives, to complement the more restricted "competition for resources and gains" approach to conflict and violence. The article is written in three sections. In the first section we briefly clarify why in 1999 there was an uprising in Budi County against SPLM/Arule and why it engendered massive local support. In the second section we examine one ofthe most destructive manifestations ofviolence that affect Budi county: cattle raiding. We look at it from a perspective that has been under-researched in the field: that oftrans-border trade. In the last section we look at how, after the peace of2005, newly appointed local government authorities are (re)claiming domains ofstate regulation that previously lay firmly in the hands ofthe military. Particular attention is given to the capacity ofthe local authorities to guarantee security and provide protection.