A Review of the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Propionibacterium Acnes in Acne

Abstract

Acne is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease that primarily affects adolescents and young adults, with an incidence rate exceeding 80% in this population. Its pathogenesis is complex and multifactorial, involving excessive sebaceous gland secretion, inflammation, and infection, etc. Among them, Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) is considered one of the key pathogenic factors. This paper reviews recent domestic and international research on the pathogenic mechanisms of P. acnes in acne, with a detailed discussion on its biological characteristics, its role in acne pathogenesis, and its interactions with the host immune system. P. acnes triggers and intensifies the inflammatory response of hair follicles and their surrounding tissues through multiple pathways. Additionally, it induces follicular hyper keratinization, promotes biofilm formation, and activates both innate and adaptive immune responses, further exacerbating acne development. By analyzing existing literature, this study aims to provide theoretical support for acne treatment and offer references and practical guidance for future research.