Expanding the Capacity of Otolaryngologists in Kenya through Mobile Technology

Abstract

Objective: To determine if reliable, objective audiologic data can be obtained by nonotolaryngology and nonaudiology practitioners using novel mobile technology in an effort to expand the capacity for early identification and treatment of disabling hearing loss in the developing world. Study Design: Cross-sectional, proof-of-concept pilot study. Setting: Screenings took place during an annual 2-week otolaryngology surgical mission in October 2016 in semirural Malindi, Kenya. Subject and Methods: Eighty-seven patients (174 total ears) were included from 2 deaf schools (n = 12 and 9), a nondeaf school (n = 9), a tuberculosis ward (n = 8), and a walk-in otology clinic at a local hospital (n = 49). An automated, tablet-based, language-independent, clinically validated, play audiometry system and wireless otoscopic endoscopy via an iPhone or laptop platform was administered by Kenyan community health workers (CHWs) and nursing staff. Results: Various degrees of hearing loss and otologic pathology were identified, including 1 child presumed to be deaf who was found to have unilaterally normal hearing. Other pathology included 2 active perforations, 2 healed perforations, 2 middle ear effusions, and 1 cholesteatoma. CHWs and nursing staff demonstrated proficiency performing audiograms and endoscopy. Patients screened in a deaf school were more likely to complete an unreliable audiogram than patients screened in other settings (P