Radar–Rain Gauge Merging for High-Spatiotemporal-Resolution Rainfall Estimation Using Radial Basis Function Interpolation

Abstract

This study introduces methods for generating fused precipitation data by applying radial basis function (RBF) interpolation, which integrates radar reflectivity-based data with ground-based precipitation gauge measurements. Rain gauges provide direct point rainfall measurements near the ground, while radars capture the spatial variability of precipitation. However, radar-based estimates, particularly for extreme rainfall events, often lack accuracy due to their indirect derivation from radar reflectivity. The study aims to produce high-resolution gridded ground precipitation data by merging radar rainfall estimates with the precise rain gauge measurements. Rain gauge data were sourced from automated synoptic observing systems (ASOSs) and automatic weather systems (AWSs), while radar data, based on hybrid surface rainfall (HSR) composites, were all provided by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). Although RBF interpolation is a well-established technique, its application to the merging of radar and rain gauge data is unprecedented. To validate the accuracy of the proposed method, it was compared with traditional approaches, including the mean field bias (MFB) adjustment method, and kriging-based methods such as regression kriging (RK) and kriging with external drift (KED). Leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) was performed to assess errors by analyzing overall error statistics, spatial errors, and errors in rainfall intensity data. The results showed that the RBF-based method outperformed the others in terms of accuracy.