Characterization and Environmental Impact of Produced Water from Oil Fields in the Sirte Basin, Libya

Abstract

This study evaluates the characteristics and environmental implications of produced water discharged from Zaltan, Al-Lahib, and Al-Jabal oil fields in the Sirte Basin, Libya. The fields collectively produce 217,800 barrels of untreated produced water daily, containing exceptionally high levels of total dissolved solids (TDS) ranging from 40,000 ppm (Zaltan) to 160,000 ppm (Al-Lahib). Elevated concentrations of heavy metals, including mercury (100 mg/L), iron (105 mg/L), and lead (65 mg/L) in Al-Lahib, far exceed safe environmental limits. Inorganic ions such as chloride (26,658 mg/L), nitrate (10,034 mg/L), and bicarbonate (12,806 mg/L) contribute to significant salinization and groundwater contamination risks. These findings highlight the severe environmental impact of produced water discharge, including soil degradation, ecosystem disruption, and threats to public health. Implementing advanced treatment technologies, such as reverse osmosis, electrocoagulation, and constructed wetlands, is recommended to mitigate these risks and ensure sustainable water management.