In vivo micro-imaging using alternating navigator echoes with applications to cancellous bone structural analysis

Abstract

In micro-magnetic resonance imaging of cancellous bone architecture, involuntary subject motion even on a sub-millimeter scale is detrimental and generally precludes accurate quantification of architectural parameters. In this work a navigator-assisted three-dimensional spin-echo technique is described and evaluated for imaging at 137 μm resolution in humans. The method is based on gradient navigator echoes following the spin-echo readout for sensing translational displacements alternately in x- and y-directions with a spatial resolution of 273 μm and a temporal resolution of 0.2 sec. The technique is shown to improve micro-images of the distal forearm significantly and to enhance accuracy and reproducibility of bone volume fraction, transverse contiguity, and tubularity, parameters introduced in prior work to characterize the trabecular network. It is further shown that a fourfold reduction in navigator sampling time, along with zero-filling, improves the accuracy of the navigator correction while reducing the minimum pulse repetition time or gradient heating. The data indicate that navigator- assisted micro-imaging is capable of effectively correcting sub-millimeter displacements in micro-imaging.