Temporal regulation of HIF-1 and NF-ΚB in hypoxic hepatocarcinoma cells

Abstract

Regulations between NF-ΚB and HIF-1 have not been adequately addressed in previous research. Here, we report that hypoxia increased NF-ΚB in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. The HIF-1 protein level was rapidly induced by protein stabilization (by 2 hours) and then moderately decreased, whereas mRNA levels were reciprocally increased. We also found that NF-ΚB p50 and p65 (RelA), but not c-Rel, bound the HIF- 1a promoter, thus increasing its transcription. In contrast, miR-199a-5p and miR-93, c-Rel downstream targets, decreased HIF-1α at both the mRNA and protein levels. Dicer1, a key enzyme in miRNA biogenesis, was decreased by acute hypoxia but was later increased by HIF-1, rather than by the above-mentioned NF-ΚB subunits. Thus, NF-ΚB both positively and negatively fine-tuned HIF-1 in hypoxic hepatocarcinoma cells.