Non–plaque-induced gingival diseases

Abstract

While plaque-induced gingivitis is one of the most common human inflammatory diseases, several non–plaque-induced gingival diseases are less common but often of major significance for patients. The non–plaque-induced gingival lesions are often manifestations of systemic conditions, but they may also represent pathologic changes limited to gingival tissues. A classification is proposed, based on the etiology of the lesions and includes: Genetic/Developmental disorders; Specific infections; Inflammatory and immune conditions and lesions; Reactive processes; Neoplasms; Endocrine, Nutritional and metabolic diseases; Traumatic lesions; and Gingival pigmentation.