Physicochemical, Antioxidant, and Antidiabetic Properties of Oil Extracted from Passiflora edulis Seeds Using Different Extraction Methods

Abstract

Appropriate extraction methods can transform agro-industrial waste into high-value bioactive products. The objective of this study was to compare the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and cytotoxic properties of oils extracted from Passiflora edulis seeds via cold pressing extraction (CPE), Soxhlet extraction (SE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Fatty acid (FA) composition, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (DPPH•, HOCl, and O2•–), and ability to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase were assessed. The effects of the oil extracts on the viability of HTR-8/SVneo cells were evaluated using the MTT assay. Data were analyzed using Student’s t-test and analysis of variance with Tukey’s posthoc test (p ≤ 0.05). SE showed the highest oil yield (21.53%) and TPC value (166.77 mg GAE/g). SFE exhibited increased FA content, notably linoleic acid (20.95 μg/mL), and enhanced scavenging activity against DPPH• (7.76 mg/mL) and O2•– (85.26 mg/mL). None of the extracts inhibited α-amylase activity; however, all inhibited α-glucosidase one, with SE and SFE showing the most potent effects. CPE and SFE oils maintained cell viability above 90%, whereas SE oil exhibited toxicity at concentrations exceeding 400 μg/mL. SFE yielded the most functionally balanced, bioactive, and noncytotoxic oil, highlighting its potential for numerous applications.