Regulation of Raf-1 kinase activity by the 14-3-3 family of proteins

Abstract

We have identified the beta (β) isoform of the 14-3-3 family of proteins as an activator of the Raf-1 protein kinase. 14-3-3 was isolated in a yeast two-hybrid screen for Raf-1 kinase domain binding proteins. Purified bovine brain 14-3-3 interacted specifically with both cRaf-1 and the isolated Raf-1 kinase domain. Association was sensitive to the activation status of Raf-1; 14-3-3 bound to unactivated Raf-1, but not Raf-1 activated by protein kinase Cα or Ras and Lck. The significance of these interactions under physiological conditions was demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation of Raf-1 and 14-3-3 from extracts of quiescent, but not mitogen-stimulated, NIH 3T3 cells. 14-3-3 was not a preferred Raf-1 substrate in vitro and did not significantly affect Raf-1 kinase activity in a purified system. However, in cell-free extracts 14-3-3 acted as a Ras-independent activator of both c-Raf-1 and the Raf-1 kinase domain. The same results were obtained in vivo using transfection assays; 14-3-3 enhanced both c-Raf-1- and Raf-1 kinase domain-stimulated expression of AP-1- and NF-xB-dependent reporter genes and accelerated Raf-1 kinase domain-triggered differentiation of PC12 cells. We conclude that 14-3-3 is a latent co-activator bound to unactivated Raf-1 in quiescent cells and mediates mitogen-triggered but Ras-independent regulatory effects aimed directly at the kinase domain.