Reactivity-based amino-1,8-naphthalimide fluorescent chemosensors for the detection and monitoring of phosgene

Abstract

Phosgene (carbonyl dichloride, COCl2) is an extremely toxic and hazardous chemical warfare agent (CWA; schedule 3 substance) that poses significant threats to public safety and human well-being. Simultaneously, it is a commonly employed reagent in chemical synthesis in laboratories and industrial settings. Therefore, monitoring phosgene concentration levels is essential for handling them within the workplace and for safeguarding public security. Activity-based fluorescent probes are the most effective real-time detection methods currently used for the detection of CWAs. Reaction-based sensing offers excellent temporal and spatial resolution, minimal side effects, and quick response times. Recently, a plethora of reaction-based fluorescent probes have been designed for the detection of phosgene. This review provides an overview of the latest developments using amino-1,8-naphthalimide-based small-molecule fluorescent probes designed for phosgene detection/sensing. Additionally, we investigate the existing challenges and prospects in the field of reaction-based fluorescent probes for phosgene detection. Herein, various fluorescence sensors are categorized based on their reactions with phosgene, and each section highlights the reaction sites, sensing mechanisms, structure-function relationships, photophysical performances, and practical applications of these sensors. It is our aspiration that this review will provide valuable insights into the advancement of cutting-edge fluorescent probes tailored for phosgene detection and sensing.