Hypertension: A Comprehensive Review of Current Knowledge and Emerging Trends

Abstract

Hypertension, a chronic condition defined by elevated blood pressure levels, is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease, renal dysfunction, and stroke. With an estimated global prevalence exceeding 1.28 billion adults, hypertension significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality. This review comprehensively examines the pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnostic strategies, and management of hypertension, highlighting the interplay between genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. The growing impact of gut microbiota, artificial intelligence, and novel pharmacological interventions on hypertension management is also discussed. Emphasizing the integration of evidence-based guidelines and personalized medicine, this article underscores the need for coordinated public health efforts and advanced research to mitigate the global burden of hypertension.